看到这个议题,我就知道一定触碰了很多人的神经,豆瓣的评论也一定会转向言论自由的方向。“上帝既然设计了人有自由的意志又怎么会只让我们相信这一本书?”于是,一些比友邦人士还激动的本邦人就激动起来了,这就是再说我们啊,为什么不能信旁的理念,既然他们可以在神棍国家讨论进化论,我们就不能再进化论国家讨论神棍吗?
我必须说,本片如果只提到了这一点,那么只能说是部神棍电影。就像《我有罪》那种将美国法律无限神圣化,把法律作为圣经的美国电影一样。不,这部电影在全篇对宗教疯子冷嘲热讽的基底下透露了对笃信宗教的人的温情理解。“你有没有想过在这样艰难的时候,这些思想质朴的人靠什么活下去,他们需要一点光,一点确信。”这是两个老人坐在摇椅下,控方律师说的话。宗教虽然在近千年之中造成了罪行,但他的正面意义也是存在的而且还会继续存在下去。这个世界上有太多的可怕的人所无法控制的灾难会降临到人们身上,而就目前或很长一段时间来说,科学是帮不上忙的。这个时候,我们的老朋友宗教就会来抚慰我们受伤的心灵。我们知道很多人因为绝症被判了死刑但他们之中也有很多人又活了很多年。
本片也因此让我觉得站上了一个较高的台阶。即我们要尊重人们不去信仰宗教,同样的我们也要尊重他人信仰宗教的权利。之后在影片结尾,编剧将讨论的层次更上了一层:法官为了选举而立刻放弃了惩罚异教徒的初衷。将惩罚降到了100美元后草草结束,随后整个法庭里充满了欢乐的气氛。这等于解构了整部电影之中的所有议题,同时直指美国社会的核心。那些轰轰烈烈的喊打喊杀的游行、那些高亢激昂的演讲以及各种言辞的对抗和对教义的辩论还有被这股洪流裹挟的恋人和一个孩子的生命,一个小时的各种纠葛,最后就因为选举而迅速消逝。代表大众关注点的电台迅速撤离,一切就像是一瞬间归于平静。以致于控方律师无法接受这个现实,与其说被告教师,现在这个情景才是对他的信仰的全部攻击——没人真的在乎。
所以最后当辩方律师指控记者是个毁灭者的时候,其实就是在指责豆瓣那些把此片和言论自由联系在一起的人,他们不是真的支持自由言论,他们只是抓住了一个机会可以去攻击,可以去宣泄。当然这里并不单纯是指虚无主义或愤世嫉俗,而是对媒体或者渴望掌握流量密码的人说的。因为这些人并非是反对某些人或某些观点,而是反对所有人和所有观点。
于是,整片过后,变成了对自由言论的一次嘲讽。虽然整个案子从一开始就定在了“自由言论”的议题上,但是随着案情的终结,所有的言论都得到了伸张,但所有的言论又都没有伸张。信仰的声音“胃胀气”死了,科学的声音被判败诉,中间的声音只存在于辩方律师自己的心里而虚无主义者占据了媒体准备去抢下一个热闹。所谓的公平公开公正一样都没做到,人民思想的进步也从未开始,所有的人进法庭是什么想法,离开法庭的时候仍然是什么想法。所有人都认为自己是胜利的一方,大家心悦诚服的完成了一次狂欢准备投入下一个议题。这不恰恰是当今欧美社会舆论场的集中体现吗?
言论自由的议题一直是我们社交媒体上津津乐道的话语,可实际上单纯的几个字并不能改变任何东西。就如被告的未婚妻和律师说的“胜诉又如何呢?你生活在外面,而我们生活在这里,我们的孩子在这里出生。”你的言论自由能否被别人听到和他们听到了如何理解本身就是两个层面。将某个信仰或某种制度推翻或消灭是否就代表一个新的制度和信仰的诞生呢?几乎不可能。我想这才是本片所要讨论的,我也感谢他讨论这个议题。
影片最后辩方律师踩着 《Battle Hymn of the Republic》 离开,这是南北战争时的歌曲。我不知道对于1960年代的美国寓意是什么,但放到今天确实恰如其分。
Throughout history, humans have undergone a constant evolutionary process in regards to ways in which we view the world. The play Inherit The Wind by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee conveys how modern ideologies experience turbulence when first presented. Often times the past has revealed that humans are inherently skeptical and resistant to progressive ideas. The 1950’s, in which the play was written, sets a tone that illustrates how ignorance, loss of power, and fear of uncertainty heightens anxiety and causes the characters in Inherit The Wind to remain stagnant in their views.
Ignorance is the main factor that contributes in further perpetuating any conservative society. Southern states of America have had a track record of being regressive and reluctant to change. Whether it be civil rights laws, laws in regard to sexuality or the banning of evolution being taught in schools, the south has always had a slower progression than Northern states. The setting of the Inherit the Wind is Hillsboro, Tennessee, a small town in southern United States. The five most illiterate cities in the United States are either southern cities or small towns. Small town culture in the 1950s further signifies that people would tend to have conservative and outdated ideologies by living amongst a smaller population. This lack of public knowledge is represented during the play through a conversation between Drummond and Bannister. Drummond asked him if he had ever read the Bible before, and Bannister answered: “Can’t read.” (page 39)Bannister represents ordinary people in southern United States at that time. Therefore, given the understanding that many people were illiterate, a sense of unsafety would result as well. This fear caused by ignorance leaves these uneducated folks vulnerable and incapable of challenging dominant ideologies.
Entertainment is a way to escape from the shadow of war that limits the depth and breadth of thinking. The 1950s was the introduction and popularization for many forms of entertainment. Televisions became a household item, and for the first time in human history is was common for everyone to own a radio. This wide spread entertainment culture is portrayed in Lawrence and Lee’s play. For instance, when people talked about the trial, they commented: “Everyone says it is going to be a show.” In this case, they were unconcerned about the actual truth of the trial. Instead, the people of the town viewed it as a talking point, that would be a source of entertainment. The ignorance caused by a strong focus on entertainment value gradually causes the public to see things from a superficial layer. There is little mention or talk about the evolution theory or of it’s specifics and validity. Thus fear of change is going to be produced by wrapping up in their thought-forms. As a result, people choose to not to think outside of daily life, this will only results the same social status. Due to the special geographical areas of the play and mass entertainment in the 1950s, the sense of unsafety and indifference of truth brings little change to the society.
Christianity is the dominant religion in American society. During the 1950’s Christianity’s influence on the public was powerful, religious leaders were intimidated by deconstruction of power and everyday people suffered from cognitive dissonance.
The fear in real life comes from losing status and power. For example, the authors create the character Brady that fulfills the archetype of William Jenning Bryan in history, Bryan was both a democratic presidential candidate and a fundamentalist. In the powerful years for Christian society during first half of 20th century, it seemed reasonable to say that he could achieve such high position due to their identity as a fundamentalist. Bryan is the expert of a specific and special subject - the Bible, which means once the society does not recognize the Bible any more, the Christian society would collapse. Therefore, teaching the theory of evolution has been banned in American classrooms in Tennessee by the strong supports of Bryan from 1925 to 1967. Based on the image of Bryan, the character Brady whom is developed by the author once said to public: “I am here to defend that which is most precious in the hearts of all the Living Truth of the Scriptures.” (page 20) It is not hard to see that words like “most” and “all” indicated the anxious heart of Brady to maintain the Bible. Both of them believed that as long as people know nothing about the theory of evolution, the Bible is still the only truth in the world and Christians would continue to rule the society.
On the other hand, cognitive dissonance is another factor that inhibits the progress of modern thoughts. Before the 60’s and the 70’s revolution, people in America haven’t yet gone through a social upheaval. As faithful fundamentalists, they have been taught to believe in the Bible from childhood and they reject any opposing views to their faith. The theory of evolution indicates that people evolved from monkeys which conflicts with the Bible which states that God created human beings. Many people who belong to a particular religion have a hard time holding two conflicting thoughts. Brady once mentions “The bible satisfies me, it is enough”, this quote is revealing that religion provides a sense of comfort. Given this understanding, it is easy to comprehend why people become so dismissive to new ideas. Hillsboro finds difficulty in making steps towards change because of the threat that loss of power presents as well as the hold cognitive dissonance has on people’s mind.
Uncertainty fuels ideas of instability and fear, the unknown has always plagued human existence. American society was faced with many challenges in the 1950’s due to the threat of communism. In Inherit The Wind, science is used as a parallel to communism because of the shared newfound concepts they presented.
Science is a subject that is endlessly exploring and discovering the new. For some this represents instability and results in uncertainty. Humanity hadn’t experienced the scientific and technological advancements like the 60’s and 70’s, so people were skeptical about science in the 1950s. Religion is different, everything is written in the Bible with certainty, which provides a sense of safety for people. Brady signifies this faith as he says : “Hopeful, I think is the word. We must look hopeful.” This quote further explains why so many people hold their belief, faith can give them the things for certain that science could not provide.
Moreover, Inherit the Wind mirrors the Red Scare during the Cold War in the 1950s. At that time, the Cold War started and the international situation remained tense and turbulent. American society was suffused with the red scare which was the fear of a rising potential of communism that may subvert and take over United States. Therefore, McCarthyism was born, an ideology rooting off all the communists in America. Then, lots of policies has come out to against the communism. It is interesting to notice that the Red Scare and the play shared different stories but the same ideology: fear of change due to uncertainty. The authors used the present as a reference to write this play, the theory of evolution is referred to Communism, and the supporters of McCarthyism is similar to Brady in the play. In Inherit the Wind, Drummond asked Brady about the theory of evolution :‘Never read it?”, Brady answered: “And I never will.” (page 86) These two concepts works similarly in that people were not familiar with the specifics of communism, however they do not like the sense of uncertainty. By exaggerated propaganda of Communism, sweeping all the communists out of America became a major task at that time. Compared to Inherit the Wind, banning not to teach the theory of evolution is the main motive in the society. The resemblance between communism and science as newfound ways of thinking serve as the reason for why people are so reluctant to move forward.
Humans have a tendency to fear change, this has been proven time and time again throughout the course of history. Inherit the Wind exemplifies this fear and parallels it to American society during the 1950’s. Through it’s irony, and satire Lawrence and Lee express their disapproval of the government’s behavior and the mainstream society. The authors use ignorance, loss of power and uncertainty to demonstrate how people can refuse to evolve and grow. Lack of knowledge is attributed to the Southern town culture and the immense entertainment of the 1950s. Moreover, the fear of religious leaders losing status and spirituality causes the society to maintain rigid. More importantly, the panic induced by a sense of uncertainty mainly comes from rapid scientific development and fear of communism. The author used the play as a reflection of 1950s in order to satirize the present, the closed mind eventually propels a conservative society.
《风的传人》,理想主义者的颂歌。谁能想到会有一部电影专门拍审判,而且案子还是关于教师能否公开教学最新观点——达尔文的进化论,毕竟这与《圣经》相悖。表面上看,审判的是教师的教学内容,实际上是在审判一个人能否拥有思想上的自由。这种主题的电影果然只有西方拍的出来,果然是上个世纪的老电影。
坦白说,中间的判案过程,冗长,略显单调。双方轮流询问证人,互相驳斥,为自己辩护。几个回合,看似不同,又似乎相同。马特不惜将瑞秋向他忏悔、祷告的话当作证词来为自己赢得这场官司,而辩驳到后来已经不是为了维护上帝的存在,而是为了维护他自己的体面和尊严。他担心上帝崩塌,民众信仰崩塌,实际上担心的是自己不再饱受尊重,高高在上的地位和权势全都消失。他担心自己靠所谓信仰建立起来的王国因为进化论而坍塌,那样他作为国王,就会一文不值。
你说这电影情节跌宕起伏吗?并不,说平铺直叙似乎都不过分。那么靠什么来引导和抓住观众的情绪呢?主角的内心,主角的心理。马特,亨利,男教师及瑞秋的心理,是整部片子最抓人眼球的。不同人,不同心理。马特充满着对宗教的狂热,可宗教却恰巧没给他带来心灵上的宁静,焦灼不安的他到了最后一次庭审结束时竟然想再做演讲。
亨利其实也蛮顽固,思想先进甚至有些激进。我并不想对他大夸特夸,尽管他确实声张正义维护自由,然而想想二十世纪的中国,总不免怀有一丝谨慎。亨利请了当时的学者教授来作证人,所请之人便是他自己的代表。愿意从芝加哥来为男教师辩护,能顶下当地几乎所有居民的冷嘲热讽来辩护,此人也着实让人叹服。拉开宾馆窗帘,看着楼下民众举着火把唱着歌谣咒骂自己,镇定地说一句“法律就是由这些人制定出来的”,此魄力非一般人能敌。马特和亨利,谁能想到他们曾是极好的朋友呢?
至于男教师,这就是鲁迅笔下的柔石、白莽吧?纯真、热情、温厚,不谙世事。当未婚妻供出对自己不利的证词,他仍然照顾她,要求律师别再追问;当未婚妻要求他向人们道歉,他却说这样出狱后的生活就再也不是从前的生活了。纯真热情而又无能为力,男教师的拥护者——他的那群学生正是他自己的代表吧。
电影的最后,庭审当然失败了。很真实,理想很丰满,现实很骨感,电影不弄虚作假,抵不过现实就是抵不过现实。有意思的是,男教师只需要支付100美元的罚款,而马特在庭审结束后疯狂演讲,随后一命呜呼。这或许暗示着我们,就算最后失败,耗尽对方的心力,也不能说是全然失败吧?虽千万人吾往矣。男教师虽然软弱无力,但这软弱无力的“纯真热情”似乎恰巧保全住了他的气节。这或许就是“骨气”这个词的魅力吧,虽然只是看似飘若游丝的“一口气”,却能撑住一个人全身的骨架。我实在难以想象男教师屈服的样子,虽然不用忍受牢狱之灾,虽然获得肉体上的自由,但内心一定会相当相当不安,一辈子的不安。想到这里,肃然起敬,好像又积蓄了一点力量。
Can't you understand? That if you take a law like evolution and you make it a crime to teach it in the public schools, tomorrow you can make it a crime to teach it in the private schools? And tomorrow you may make it a crime to read about it. And soon you may ban books and newspapers. And then you may turn Catholic against Protestant, and Protestant against Protestant, and try to foist your own religion upon the mind of man. If you can do one, you can do the other. Because fanaticism and ignorance is forever busy, and needs feeding. And soon, your Honor, with banners flying and with drums beating we'll be marching backward, BACKWARD, through the glorious ages of that Sixteenth Century when bigots burned the man who dared bring enlightenment and intelligence to the human mind!
"An idea is a greater monument than a cathedral. And the advance of man's knowledge is a greater miracle than all the sticks turned to snake."
美式魔幻现实主义,马奇和屈塞庭审斗法实属精彩
四星半1.克雷默的法庭戏总是精彩,镜头运动和人物构图依然直白而高效。2.暴食的信仰者律师,扰害己家的承风者牧师。尽管偏向明显,克雷默却依然揭示、同情甚至部分认同了布拉迪这位信奉宗教者的可敬一面。3.审判落幕后处于闹剧中的演讲恰是宗教信仰已经在美国人心中几近全面崩塌后的图景。4.影片同样对金凯利代表的虚无主义者和怀疑主义者表达了否定,电影主题也因此由自由之思考拓展至对信仰(只能由自由的思想确立)的坚定与追求。Everybody has the right to and should build one's own monument.
关于《进化论》与上帝、人权与神权、真理与信仰/意识形态 的法庭辩论,在导演的执导、演员的演绎下,精彩万分
magnet:?xt=urn:btih:9d6c216afe2794a2a391cc1ba98fc1e8487b9130&dn=Inherit.the.Wind.1960.1080p.BluRay.X264-AMIABLE%20%5BPublicHD%5D
两个影帝的强强对抗,接受达尔文的进化论不代表亵渎上帝,而信神也不说明就无视自然规律,可惜狂热教徒不理这套还将讲授进化论认作为违法就非常可笑,但卫道士律师的偏执与倒下又让人看得唏嘘,一切都不必如此极端。
不是三大男神的锅,克雷默的场景调度也依旧不俗,只是与如此二元对立的主题与观念表达相比,影片本身的戏剧张力实在是不足称道。
影片根据斯科普斯案(猴子审判案)改编,尽管稍有改动,仍然十分生动真实地再现了该案的来龙去脉。最艰难的抉择并不是发生在对与错之间,而是对与对之间。在科学与宗教的关系上,爱因斯坦的话或许更有启发性,“没有宗教的科学是跛子,没有科学的宗教是瞎子。”科学与宗教,一个负责世俗社会的物质进步,一个负责内心世界的灵魂宁静,完全可以并行不悖,携手前行,共同促进人类社会的发展和繁荣。在正确处理两者的关系上,我们最需要的也许就是宽容精神,尊重彼此的差异,学习彼此的长处,就像丹诺在为该案辩护时所说的,与其说他在为科学辩护,不如说他是在为宽容辩护,他唯一不宽容的对象就是不宽容者。
058:“如果你针对进化论来立法,然后禁止在公立学校里教授它,随后你就可以禁止在私立学校里教授它,然后你连阅读进化论都禁止掉,然后你可以禁止办报和出书……如果你可以做到一点,你完全可以做到另一点……很快,到来的就是满天禁令,还有满耳的歌功颂德,我们就要大步地开始倒退了!倒退!”
Can't you understand that if you take a law like evolution and make it a crime to teach it in public schools, tomorrow you could make it a crime to teach it in private schools, and tomorrow you may make it a crime to read about it? And soon you may ban books and newspapers. And then you may turn Catholic against Protestant, and Protestant against Protestant, and try to foist your own religion upon the mind of man.
对信仰的狂热成为愚昧无知的利器。影片就信仰上帝与科学的冲突进行了一场激烈的辩论,但真正引人深思的却并不仅仅如此。重要的是,每个人都拥有思考和表达看法的权利。精彩的法庭辩论戏贯穿全片,情节居然取材真实时间,的确有些匪夷所思~
8.3最近迷上进化论而看的。根据真实案件改编,科学和宗教的冲突。表演很精彩,法庭辩论戏尤甚,继《控方证人》后看过最精彩的律政戏,很具有思辨性,不过最后一场法庭戏克鲁蒙德律师用进化论对圣经的质疑好像只是点到为止,表达得太精简,没有详细的去驳倒,难以今普通观众理解。结尾的对话更有深意,要科学也要有信仰。“一切恶法,就如同瘟疫一样,能够摧毁每一个人,无论是它的反对者还是它的马前卒。如果你能把在公立学校讲授进化论的行为裁定为一项犯罪,不久以后在私立学校讲授进化论的行为也会成为犯罪,然后阅读进化论也会成为罪行。如果针对进化论来立法禁止,随后你就可以连阅读进化论都禁绝掉,然后你可以禁止办报出书,然后还可以尝试将你自己的宗教强加到所有人的身心之上,如果你可以做到其中一点,你完全就可以做到另一点。”
这样的一个故事,拿到现在来看,也依然充满了明镜般的现实意义。荒诞剧是人类历史上亘古不变的主题之一。科学和理性或许能够战胜蒙昧,但始终战胜不了蒙昧的群体。达尔文的《物种起源》和《圣经》一起被男主捧在怀中的结尾,代表着那个年代里想要调和这一巨大分歧的真诚努力。而假使让我们这一代来翻拍的话,答案大概就是飞面神教了吧……
从表面上看是宗教的事,但说的更多的是思想独立言论自由。剧中的这条法律今天会残害一个相信达尔文进化论的人,明天就会残害另一个相信其他学说的人,乃至以后出现了新的宗教分支,或新的宗教解释,那在这条法律下就会出现永无止境的相互迫害。在辩护律师请人类学家心理学家考古学家等证人却不被法官允许上庭后,只能退而求其次,证明课堂上法庭上需要有思想言论的自由。这点跟林昭很像,她也许不赞同张元勋的观点,但她跳到桌子上说要允许别人讲话。结尾逆转利用了一点小伎俩,算是从某一方面展现了“若不允许自由思考自由说话,任何人都可能成为牺牲品”。
bravo!第一次看金句如此密集的电影,句句是金句,每个对话拿出去都可以当电影门面被营销号发长截图的那种
今天你可以禁止不准说,明天可以将某句从圣经划出,之后你就来建造你们自己的教堂,很快就能进化到那个年代,手举火把燃烧异教徒的时代。
结尾太厉害了,讽刺效果拉满,作为一部输出价值观的电影,其所有的矛盾都是围绕着形而上的主题展开的,但却丝毫不让人觉得无聊,因为关于自由思想、信仰的坚持、理性的怀疑的探讨都是那么地打动人,在20年代的南方,宗教的原教旨主义还是统治着人们的思想,法律在其中成为了极其尴尬的角色,但电影中塑造的多个形象都暗示着历史的转轨,新闻人的虚无主义、法官的平衡和睿智、牧师的顽固和煽动、学生的进步与觉醒,一切都在变化着,所以政治家成为了牺牲品,他所捍卫的那个旧时代已经渐渐远去了,“风”的意象成为了点金之笔,不管是扇扇子还是结尾突然切到了电风扇,人的价值才是最大的力量,我们回顾人类历史上那些伟大的转折时刻时发现那均是一次次关于思想解放的战争,所以说这部电影在回顾美国历史上关键时刻的同时也颇有对当时激荡时代的指涉
值得深思的一部电影即使过了那么多年依然如此,人权与神权之争用一场官司其实是远远说不完的,这样的一场法庭辩论也仅仅是抛砖引玉吧。片中三个主角代表着三种观点,仔细看过电影的人不用看到片尾就会发现屈塞和马奇其实都是教徒只不过他们对待宗教的观点不一样,而以凯利为代表的无神论者并不被影片所推崇当然也没有鞭挞反而是这一角色的很多台词讲出了一部分观众的心声比如人还不如猴子,人已经在不断倒退都快要退回海洋了。此角色最后说的一句台词真的是太让人感慨了,他对屈塞说,你会在那里的,你就是那一类人,还有谁会捍卫我孤身一人的权力?屈塞片中那段慷慨陈词更是掷地有声。两位影帝飙戏非常过瘾,尤其他们还是以两种完全不同的方式在表演,戏份不多的马奇的妻子也演的很好。PS真实事件改编,首演于百老汇的阵容还包括保罗.穆尼。
自持为正义与科学之化身的[乘风继影]代表了美国左派身上一切叫人反感的东西。他们是如此好为人师,以致要把双方写得如此一黑一白,费尽心机誓要把正确一方塑造为真理路上的殉难者,直到最后一秒才试图做出meta姿态。抛开一切套路不谈,影片最大的问题在于法律争论焦点的偏差。辩论的焦点明明应该是“老师有没有权利教授进化论”,结果最终却演变为宗教与世俗的文化斗争。这部所谓的message film彰显了某些左派人对于权力和“最终解释权”(Deutungshoheit)的执拗渴望。
这部电影极高的立意、演员精湛的表演、巧妙的情节设置和振聋发聩的台词,使得它成为一部不可错过的佳作。“因为狂热和愚昧是永不止歇的,并且永远饥渴”,我还是第一次在电影中看到如此精准而形象地形容偏执和专断的危害的台词。“扰害己家的,必承受清风”,简单理解就是用专断的手段去达成思想上的目的的,终将被反噬,不是自己癫狂,就是被癫狂的他人吞噬。但是真正让影片升华的不是这些容易让人热血沸腾的台词。很遗憾地看到往往是传递和发泄情绪的文艺作品更容易流行,但是本片没有停留在输出情绪的层级上,而是在双方律师、当事教师、牧师和记者的关系上,传递出一种超脱于情绪的冷静和温情。这世上终有人独行,终有人会游离于所谓主流之外,但是所谓主流的存在只是特定时代背景下的产物,捍卫游离在主流之外的声音在任何时代都是有价值的。